Analyzing the MAC Address

MAC Address observe the hosts in the network with arp command

• Checking the local host ethernet MAC Address

root @ linux /] # ifconfig

Write and explain the MAC Address of your computer use
HWaddr 00:50: BA: C0: E1: 0A

• Checking your ethernet MAC address of computers connected to the local computer

root @ linux /] # arp-a

root @ linux /] # arp-n

Write and describe MAC address of computers connected to the computer that you wear
10.1.3.65 ether 00:14:85:2 D: 50:72

root @ linux /] # arp

Configuring TCP

Configuring TCP / IP on the Linux operating system

a) Check the configuration of TCP / IP

[Root @ linux /] # ifconfig

Write and explain the output of the command above?
To view the network configuration such as IP address in a network
eth0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 00:50: BA: C0: E1: 0A
inet addr: 192.168.0.1 Bcast: 192.168.0.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0
lo Link encap: Local Loopback
inet addr: 127.0.0.1 Mask: 255.0.0.0

b) configuring TCP / IP

IP configuration can be done in several ways, including:

[Root @ linux /] # netconfig

or

[Root @ linux /] # ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.2 netmask 192.168.0.7 broadcast 255 255 255 248

[Root @ linux /] # ifconfig eth0: 1 192.168.0.2 netmask 192.168.0.7 broadcast 255 255 255 248


Configuring Routing (Gateway)

[Root @ linux /] # route add-net 192.168.0.0 gw 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0

[Root @ linux /] # route del-net 192.168.0.0 gw 192.168.0.1

[Root @ linux /] # route add default gw 192.168.0.1

Write and explain the output of the command above?
Route add: to add a routing table
-Net 192.168.0.0: to add information of a network router server
netmask: netmask to add information network router server
i: to add the gateway address for a server
all done on orders over masing2 server router,

route del: delete a routing table information

default: to add information server router address as its default gateway

Configuring TCP / IP and default gateway is contained in a file

/ Etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

• Edit your NIC configuration

[Root @ linux /] # vi / etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

Replace the NIC configuration with

DEVICE = eth0
ONBOOT = yes
BOOTPROTO = static
BROADCAST = 10.1.3.xx
IPADDR = 10.1.3.yy
Netmask = 255.255.255.0
NETWORK = 10.1.3.zz
GATEWAY = 10.1.3.1

Where "yy" is the last two digits for the number hostID (no serial numbers absent or monitor) praktikan! "Xx" and "ZZ" is determined based on the predetermined netmask 255.255.255.0

• Restart, stop or start service network!

[Root @ linux /] # service network restart

[Root @ linux /] # / etc / rc.d / init.d / network stop

[Root @ linux /] # / etc / init.d / network start


• Checking the results of the new configuration

[Root @ linux /] # ifconfig

Write and explain the output of the command above?
eth0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 00:50: BA: C0: E1: 0A
inet addr: 10.1.3.64 Bcast: 10.1.3.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0
eth0: hardware is the type of Ethernet line cards
Hwadds: ethernet mac addresses
inet addr: ip address of computer
10.1.3.255 broadcast: broadcast address
mask of 255.255.255.0: masking of a network with 254 rations ip address


• Checking connectivity to host a neighbor!

[Root @ linux /] # ping [ip_tetangga_anda]
• Checking connectivity to all hosts on the network (broadcast)!

[Root @ linux /] # ping [ip_broadcast]-b

Routing Basics

Routing is used for making a packet from a network appliance and sent through to the other tools disebuah different network.
If you do not have a network router, then clearly you do not do routing.
To be able to perform packet routing, there are things that must be known:
• Destination address
• neighbor routers from which a router can learn about a remote network
• Route all possible to network remote
• The best route for each remote network
Router stores routing table that describes how to find the network-network remotely.
The types of routing are:
• Static Routing
• Default Routing
• Dynamic Routing
IP Routing Process
IP routing process can be explained by using the following image:

Default gateway of the host 172.16.10.2 (Host_A) configured to 172.16.10.1.(Host_B) To be able to send this package to the default gateway, must be known hardware address of Ethernet 0 interface of the router (which is configured with the IP address 172.16.10.1). Why is that? In order for the package can be submitted to the Data Link layer, then encapsulated into the frame, and sent to a router interface that connects to the network 172.16.10.0. Host to communicate only with the hardware address on the local LAN. Important to understand that Host_A, in order to communicate with Host_B, should send the packet to the MAC address of the default gateway in the local network.

Static Routing
Static routing occurs if the admin to manually add the route-route in the routing table of each router.
Static routing has the clappers, the following advantages:
• No overhead (processing time) on the CPU router (router is cheaper than a dynamic routeng)
• No bandwidth used between the routers.
• Static Routing add security, because the administrator can choose to fill in the routing to access a particular network.
Static routing has the following disadvantages:
• Administration should really understand the internetwork and how each router is connected to be able to configure the router properly.
• If a network added to the internetwork, Administration must add a router-all these routes manually.
• Static routing is not suitable for large network-network because guard will become a full-time job itself.
Default Routing
The default routing is used for sending packets to manually add a network router to a remote destination that does not exist in the routing table, to the next hop router. Normally used on the network who have only one exit point.
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing is when the routing protocol used to find the network and update its routing table on the router. And this is easier than using static and default routing, but he will set you apart in terms of CPU processes on the router and bandwidth usage of network

OSI

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
• Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984
• OSI reference model is a conceptual model consisting of seven layers, each layer has a specific function
• Each layer is self-contained and functions assigned to each layer can be implemented independently
• Updating the functioning of a layer will not affect other layers
• OSI allows computer interconnection multivendors

LAN System

Series Local Area or LAN (Local Area Network) system was
womb devices (devices) are connected among one another in an kawas
terhad geographic distances, usually covering a single building or multiple buildings
adjacent. Breadth of the LAN circuit is usually a radius of 10km and not merangkumi
require remote connection technologies provided by Sarekat telecommunications.
There are several popular LAN technologies like Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI.
Each of them has its own way of working and perkakasan, but in this tugasan
will only discuss the most popular LAN technology specifically Ethernet.
CSMA / CD
Ethernet uses the concept of Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA / CD) protocol standard IEEE 802.3 refer.
The concept of CSMA / CD is the arrangement for penghantaran data by the computer / device
simultaneously. All the computers may be brought on when the da ta-when the time but
before data dihantar, he will be attempts to see first if there is another computer delivers
data. If there is, he will wait for the instantaneous (random time) and led to the original
if applicable vacancies at talian.
As if computer A example of technical attempts he will deliver packet
see first if there is a digital signal in the presence of these talian. If clear (no
signal) then the packet will be forwarded penghantaran and if there is a signal (talian used)
then signal "clock" will dihantar computer A stop leads to packet
these. If cubaan conductivity 15 times applicable (collision) and the line was busy,
"Time out" will apply and the packet needs to dihantar original.

Full and half duplex

One more thing that needs to be given attention is the use of full duplex on the NIC. Full
duplex allows frames to deliver and receive simultaneously. Supposing
with the use of full duplex talian usage is like a highway two
direction compared to the highway specifically sehala ethernet with half the normal operation
duplex.Dengan full duplex, no valid and operating perlanggaran CSMA / CD is not
practiced here.
If your NIC supports full duplex use of the so-so but you use
setting changes need to be made to both parties, if no connection
will produce a lot error.Perhatian specifically need to be given full duplex only
may be used in connection to the switches and routers tremble. Hub should not be
use full duplex. Auto-negotiation

Introduction Types of Protocol

There are several types of routing protocols.
1) Penghalaan static (static routing) - In static routing, packet direction in which dihantar is fixed and unchanging. On this occasion, the user has defined router
bahawa need dihantar packet using a predetermined mapping although there
packet is another way to get to destinations. The weakness of this type of recognition
is, the router does not have a choice of circuit topology changes if applicable
for example if the specified direction suddenly failed to function.

2) Introduction to dynamic. (Dynamic routing) - Dynamic routing was established from the "routing updates "received by the router. Mesej" routing updates "it tells the router about the latest intimation received jik a valid change in the circuit
This routing algorithm requires (eg to select the best route) dikira original and the routing table will dikemaskini of such intimation. Between the dynamic popular routing protocols is the type of RIP, IGRP, OSPF and BGP.